Migration

In the August 1st telecast of the BBC World Service the BBC did an investigative report on a new trend in London where Polish women were taking payments for marrying non-EU citizens so they could remain and gain legal status in London. The report went into great detail to present the problem, going as far as sending a reporter under cover as someone looking to marry an EU citizen to gain status in London and filming the “brokers” of these marriages in the process.

After the accession of new EU member states such as Poland, the UK was the first country to fully liberalise its economy in letting in foreign workers within the EU rules without any restrictions or time limits past the date of accession of new member states. For that reason, London absorbed many Eastern European workers who often drifted into both blue collar jobs as well as many professionals who were “brain-drained” out of countries such as Poland towards the UK and London. Today it is not uncommon to see few traditional brits working the shops and restaurants of London as many labour jobs have been taken by Immigrants and EU-citizens alike.

While marrying for papers was not uncommon before the accession of the new EU member states, an added fear that in some new communities there could be an outbreak of false marriages is an understandable concern. While the report did not give actual numbers of marriages in the Polish community or any others under false pretenses, their primary research well illustrated the problem. Despite this, I do not believe that it is an issue in one community in London only, but is a general issue that existed well before Polish citizens became part of the EU. Please search the BBC World site above for further information…

Human Rights Watch is accusing the Spanish government of abusing unaccompanied migrant children in its detention facilities on the Canary Islands. In its report (“Spain’s Failure to Protect the Rights of Unaccompanied Migrant Children in the Canary Islands”) issued on July 26, the organization heavily criticizes the treatment of these minors while in camps on the islands off the coast of Spain. Interviews with the children revealed that they had been subjected to beatings by staff, and left unprotected from violence by their peers. German news magazine, Der Spiegel, is reporting that a number of these children have also been sexually abused during their time in the camps.

“These children should be protected by the Spanish authorities, not left to suffer beatings and abuse,” said Simone Troller, Europe children’s rights researcher for Human Rights Watch. “The Canary Islands government should close these centers and arrange better care for the children.”

The International Herald Tribune quotes a number of the children in its article:

“Children interviewed at La Esperanza talked of a punishment cell, a windowless room with no toilet, where they were beaten and locked up for days at a time and forced to urinate and defecate on the floor, the report said.

Jean-Marie N., a 17-year-old interned boy, described an incident when a youngster “got into trouble with educators” and was taken to the showers and beaten.

“There was blood on the boy’s mouth and his clothes were full of blood - his shirt could not be used anymore,” he said.”

According to Der Spiegel, Spain’s Minister of Social Affairs, Inés Rojas, has promised to follow up on the allegations and will personally inspect the camps over the next few days.

Autorities on the Canary Islands have created a total of four camps to house up to 500 children. After Spain stepped up its collaboration with other EU member states and the Union’s border patrol FRONTEX a total of 4700 migrants have arrived on the islands’ shore. Last week another migrant vessel capsized 180km off the coast of Spain, killing 50.

More articles on this story:

New York Times: In Spanish Centers for Migrant Youth, Reports of Squalor 

The Independent (UK) : Spain accused of keeping migrant children in ‘punishment’ cells

ABConline (Australia): Spain called on to close Canary Its migration camps

 In a few underreported incidents, last Thursday a migrant boat with 20 aboard disappeared in the Mediterranean Sea near Sicily on its way to Europe. Last Wednesday, 23 migrants were also picked up by Italian coastguards found clinging to a tuna cage near Sicily. Numerous other migrants were picked up as well last week from various boats. It was reported that 35 people had drowned since the beginning of the month of June in between Libya, Malta and Sicily.

The incidents of boat people are seen as an ever-growing cause of concern in the Mediterranean and worldwide as noted by the UNHCR. Beyond drowning, often migrants are killed or thrown into the sea on purpose by smugglers, which add an ever more dangerous element to the fate of asylum seekers, refugees and economic migrants trying to flee Africa and other regions towards opportunity in other nations. On July 3rd the IMO and UNHCR met in London to address the issue.

With the new EU Presidency of Portugal coming soon to shape the future of EU policy, Lisbon has stated publicly that there needs to be some real action in addressing illegal immigration. With countries like Spain, Portugal, Malta and Italy having to deal with the majority of boat people, the victims, security and ensuring their human rights are met; Portugal challenged the EU to seek a real combined effort in addressing the issue. Many in Southern Europe feel that leaving the problems to be dealt solely by Mediterranean countries where most of the migrants enter the entire EU by sea requires an EU approach and not solely a national effort.

Despite protests from Portugal, the issue of illegal migration is still intertwined with political challenges and administrative red tape in addressing the issue via the EU. With the Portuguese Presidency of the EU and UN now refocusing on the issue, there is some hope that progress will be possible in the near future.

For Other Sea and Migrant Stories:

FPA Migration Middle East and Africa
FPA Migration Europe

The US Senate’s failure to move the compromise bill on immigration reform forward has dominated headlines over the past few days. Meanwhile, the election of the first black mayor in Ireland is being heralded as a success of that country’s integration policies. As Portugal takes over the rotating EU Council Presidency from Germany for the next six months, the European Council of Refugees and Exiles highlights a number of priorities, including the creation of a pan-European asylum system.

• The Economist summarizes the proposed US immigration bill and the political arguments that ultimately led to its failure.
• Randal Archibold of the NYT visited US migrants as the news broke to gather their impressions. His five-page article vividly proves why the current legal situation is unsatisfactory, and endangers the lives and livelihoods of many thousands of migrants living, working and contributing to the US economy in all 50 States today.
• The first black mayor in Ireland is heralding his election as a proof of how well European societies can adapt to rapid flows of migration, the Guardian reports. Rotimi Adebari, who arrived in Ireland as an asylum seeker seven years ago and had difficulties finding employment in the first few years, was elected mayor ofPortlaoise, backed by established parties, including Fine Gael and Sinn Féin councilors.
•  Another migrant vessel sank between Libya and Malta this weekend, killing at least 20 would-be immigrants. German newspaper, the Frankfurter Rundschau, is reporting that the Italian government has reacted and presented a new immigration law to curtail immigration but de-criminalize the attempt to land on Italian shore. Romano Prodi’s coalition government is also proposing to get rid of the obligatory language test introduced by the previous conservative government under Silvio Berlusconi. Instead, the new law introduces the concept of “sponsors” which commit themselves to guaranteeing a job or financial support to allow a new migrant legal status. In addition, the government wants to end the mandatory detention of illegal immigrants. Only violent or uncooperative migrants are to be detained in the future and financial aid offered to facilitate the return of those migrants not accorded the temporary right to stay. The opposition led by Berlusconi has announced to fight this new legal proposal. We will cover this story and add English links as soon as they become available.
• The European Council on Refugees and Exiles has published its memorandum to the Portuguese EU Presidency, recalling the priorities toward creating a Common European Asylum System by 2010.

With the fate of many African migrants often being one of death from the failure of rickety boats used to move them towards the European coast, nervous smugglers ejecting their “clients” during the journey, or just a lack of action from receiving countries to save stranded migrants from drowning, there has been some recent progressive measures to reduce illegal immigration to Spain, or at least reduce the risk of those who will eventually make the journey.

Spain and Senegal signed and agreement to help combat illegal immigration until the 30th of June 2008 by working together in reducing the numbers of migrants fleeing Senegalese ports towards the Spanish Canary Islands. The agreement has paid dividends and as a result there has already been a reduction of boats from 901 in 2006, to only 101 in the first half of 2007.

Cooperation between Senegal and Spain has not been adopted solely via setting up common barriers. A number of Spanish businessmen have opted to go to Senegal directly and offer working visas to many of Senegal’s brightest young people who often have to use rickety boats and deal with organized mafia to get to Spain illegally. Often many of the young Senegalese do not survive the journey, or lose their money to unscrupulous individuals who leave them bankrupt with no way out of their country. Some of Spain’s entrepreneurs understand that many would come illegally and often are solely seeking employment to feed their families and make a better life. With institutional supports in Spain and opportunities to work, more than 500 Senegalese have taken the low risk option to come and work in Spain.

While the limited actions of the Spanish Government and businessmen are a very progressive approach towards addressing illegal immigration, an overall grand push in addressing the issue is needed. On the 25th of June 2007 the EU announced 380 million Euros in funding to assist migrant home countries in increasing security against illegal immigration. Similar to the cooperation agreement between Spain and Senegal, the EU will work on future frameworks to reduce illegal immigration from its source and curb unnecessary deaths for those economic migrants coming to the EU from Africa. While illegal migrations and deaths are certain to continue, there seems to be at least some small and ever growing efforts in addressing the immigration problems and rights of migrants coming to Spain and the EU.

Much happened in migration related matters across the globe this week. Following the conservative victory in the parliamentary elections, the French president moved ahead on realizing his new restrictive immigration policies, while at the same time creating the most inclusive government in the country’s history. Elsewhere, US conservatives are stepping up the pressure to move ahead on the immigration bill, while the UK joins the chorus of European countries introducing measures to attract the most talented migrants to the country to fill existing skills gaps. This week’s news roundup also features two new pieces of analysis from the MPI and ECRE. Happy clicking:

• This week’s edition of the Economist features an article about Malta’s changing attitude towards migration and the start of Operation Nautilus II, designed to control the waters between Africa and European islands.
• We recently reported that France’s new government is moving swiftly to implement changes to existing institutional structures governing immigration affairs and changing legal requirements for family members looking to join migrants in the country. Well, not without a fair amount of opposition, as is the French tradition. Plans for a national ministry of immigration and national identity caused controversy during the Presidential campaign and drew protest from various groups. Now, the IHT reports a new petition has been published in the left-leaning newspaper Liberation. These types of protests will have little impact on M. Sarkozy’s plans, but are a part of the French democratic tradition.
• While he seems to be cracking down in his policies, M. Le President’s most recent cabinet reshuffle (following the parliamentary elections) produced the most inclusive government France has ever seen. In what is largely interpreted as a move to reconcile withe the minority groups he isolated throughout his campaign and his tenure as interior minister, Sarkozy has named three women (WOMEN!) of Northern African origin to his cabinet. Two new junior ministers now join the already appointed justice minister, Rachida Dati, around the president’s cabinet table.
• In the run-up to the presentation of Germany’s national plan for migrant integration on July 12, a number of federal states are publishing and promoting their individual approaches. On June 21st I attended a panel discussion hosted by the Koerber Foundation, which featured one of Berlin’s leading integration policy makers, Guenter Piening. He presented parts of the new program, which is available in full here (in German). The plan includes a number of functional changes that will facilitate access to basic social services, including full and equal access to education and the full integration of migrants into the work force - changes, which are long overdue. Monitoring and measuring the success of integration policies is another new element introduced in this updated plan. I will review Berlin’s approach in the context of Germany’s new  toward integrating migrants in a separate post. To understand the evolution of Berlin’s integration concept, Piening’s 2005  policy action plan (in English) is an interesting read.
• The Senate immigration bill is still one of the hottest topics on the Hill. On Thursday, Homeland Security Chief Michael Chertoff went on the record to oppose an amendment, which could make a new program to stop businesses from hiring illegal workers less burdensome. In a letter to Senators he said that taking such a decision “would be a serious step backwards in our enforcement effort.” This statement came as news broke that Federal agents had arrested 81 suspected illegal immigrants during a raid at a manufacturing plant in the Pocono mountains in Pennsylvania. The company said an agency that provided temporary workers was , the IHT reports. Mr. Chertoff, meanwhile, might have other recent worries: the ACLU is suing the Department of Homeland Security in the name of two migrants who say they were drugged by department officials to ease their deportation. Just days earlier and hoping to influence the Congressional debate on the immigration bill, the White House released a study citing the positive effects of immgrant labor on the nation’s economy. The New York Times has a full report.
• The first Muslim prayer site was opened on Friday in Athens, Greece since the end of the Ottoman Empire, the New York Times reports.
• We recently reported that German industrial organizations were pressuring the German government to ease up their requirements on admitting labor migrants into the economy. Britain seems to be interested in doing the same. Where only a mere three years ago, critics complained that the generous welfare system was attracting too many unwanted migrants, the Guardian is now reporting that immigration minister Liam Byrne is planning to launch an “an international marketing campaign designed to attract businesses and people with the right skills” - the global war for talent is on.
• On the reports and analysis front: the always prolific Migration Policy Insitute issued a new report coinciding with World Refugee Day entitled “Bridging Divides: The Role of Ethnic Community-Based
  Organizations in Refugee Integration” (pdf).   As the German EU Council Presidency comes to a close and the Portuguese government prepares to take over, the European Council on Refugees and Exiles has prepared a memorandum on EU asylum and refugee policy over the next six months.

Tomorrow is World Refugee Day and we will cover events commemorating the plight of refugees, the anguish, suffering and isolation they feel in abandoning their homelands, along with the efforts of the international community to ease their situations and raise awareness over the course of the day tomorrow. Our fellow FPA blogger, Cassandra Clifford, has already compiled a list of interesting links on this important occassion, which you can access here.

Nothing can, however, come close to hearing personal accounts of what it means to flee your own country in times of war. The UNHCR compiles these videos and after recent announcement by western governments that they will either refuse to accept additional Iraqi migrants or begin sending them back, this video is a particularly graphic reminder of why developed countries must go far beyond the requirements of the Geneva Convention to help, protect and shelter those in need.

The predicted landslide didn’t quite happen, but Nicolas Sarkozy is a happy man nonetheless. Despite his party’s losses in the second round of the parliamentary elections in France, Sarkozy has enough backing to push through his presidential agenda and quickly at that. The International Herald Tribune provided an update on just how quickly Monsieur Le President is moving ahead on his election promises with respect to immigration. Last week, when the campaign was still in full swing, Brice Hortefeux, the newly appointed minister for all things immigration watched the ink dry on a new legislative bill. The new law requires family members of resident migrants from outside the EU to learn French and gain an understanding for French values ahead of joining their own in France. The German government is floating a similar regulation with its recent decision on residence rights for migrants.

The bill will be one of the first up for debate in the newly elected parliament’s summer session. We will keep a close watch on these developments as they progress in the coming weeks.

German industrial associations are reporting a marked shortage of blue collar workers in certain sectors to keep up with rising demand. On June 8, Ludwig Gerhard Braun, President of the country’s Chambers of Industry and Commerce, went on the record to demand the economy open itself to qualified migrants as a part of a comprehensive initiative to address this newly arising gap.

The Wall Street Journal, meanwhile quotes one of the country’s leading economic research institutes, which estimates that the country is 48,000 missing engineers, whose absence last year cost Germany about €3.5 billion ($4.6 billion) in lost annual output.

This is somewhat of a watershed moment for Germany, as foreign labor has not been so in demand since the early ’50s and ’60s. Braun and fellow industrialists demand that politicians facilitate circumstances for highly-qualified migrants to enter the country. They also want to see the earnings threshold lowered: currently highly qualified migrants must prove that they make over 85,500 Euros a year.

The issue drives a wedge right down the center of the government coalition, but surprisingly the majority of Conservative ministers are in favor of a shift. Education minister, Annette Schavan, has promised a program to lower the wage requirements to 40,000 to 60,000 Euros to encourage highly educated migrants to either remain in Germany after finishing their degree programs or to attract the most talented engineers and scientists from the international labor market. Her conservative colleague and Economics minister, Michael Glos, has her back and his ministerial minions are currently preparing a similar analysis.

Just how far these two will get within their coalition government remains to be seen, however, as both the Social Democrat Employment Minister and Christian Democrat Interior Minister are less convinced that increased migration will offer the necessary quick fix the economy seemingly wants. German news weekly, der Spiegel, highlights that structural problems in the German labor market are part of the reason some highly skilled natives are sitting at home unemployed, while less and less German teenagers are attracted into blue collar jobs. The country is alos losing a lot of potential through the longstanding inadequacies in educating second and third generation migrants and preparing them adequatelz for the demands of the German labor market.

Thus, the solution - as always - lies somewhat in between. In a country that still boasts a 3.8 million unemployment figure, a decision to ‘open the doors to migrants’ looks likely to be met with the type of public outcry that has so often put a stop to comprehensive migration policies. At the same time, the effects of demographic change are already being felt in Europe’s most populous economy. The country needs a more flexible overall labor market that allows for the kind of rotating system currently being discussed at EU level. This system would allow highly-qualified migrants the chance to exit and enter the European labor market with greater ease. There is no reason why comprehensive strategies cannot be developed alongside one another - in fact, they must be, in order to respond to changing labor market needs. The education of young migrants must be part and parcel of this thought process much as creative solutions of encouraging the older generation to remain employed for longer, passing on their skills to the younger generation. Education and training must programs must be developed in line with micr- and macro-economic development. And above all, these plans need to be communicated early - to prevent and actively address concerns, because apart from any monetary incentives, migrants need to feel welcome, even if they don’t plan to stay forever.

This week’s news roundup covers the aftermath of the failed reforms US Immigration policy initiative as well as covering further developments on the tragedy of the missing migrants and the EU response to this new scandal. Also a story on possible inequalities in the UK immigration system for skilled migrants is included:

• The Financial Times discusses the perplexing political issues with both Democrats and Republicans over the lack of support for real reform of US Immigration Policy. FT states that in reality no one fully supported the new policy, or if they did support it, perhaps they did not think it would actually be successful. To see this interesting commentary see the link to the June 12th article here.
• The EU and the EU Commissioner for Migration, Franco Frattini are facing many questions regarding the death of 27 migrants who spent 3 days sitting in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea with no assistance from the EU (see last week’s Update). The responsibility and legal obligations of the EU and its member states to protect illegal migrants has become a very heated issue among member states, as some have more control over resources than others, while certain states like Spain and Malta absorb much of the burden in finding and protecting illegal migrants. For a further discussion see the Reuters article here.
• Immigration reforms in the UK since 2003 seek to qualify applicants for citizenship based on skills, age, education and previous earnings as opposed to family links. Recently there has been some controversy as retroactive rules which apply to skilled migrants who came before the programme are said to not comply with the UK’s race equality assessment measures which gave a failing grade to the new highly skilled migrants programme (HSMP) that has been in effect since 2003.  See the Guardian article here.